This study defined the height ratio of soft-rock strata and established a numerical model for analyzing shield construction in upper-soft. lower-hard composite strata together with field monitoring data. In this way. the influence of shield tunneling while passing under the pile foundation of the culvert at a short distance (the shortest distance is 1. https://www.royaltyfurnitureandappliancers.shop/product-category/dining-tables-with-extensions/